The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, is India's oldest political party and played a pivotal role in India's independence movement under leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel. The party has been central to shaping modern India's political, social, and economic landscape.

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is currently India's largest political party and has been the ruling party since 2014 under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership. Founded in 1980, it emerged from the Jana Sangh party and represents right-wing politics with an ideology based on cultural nationalism (Hindutva) and economic development.